Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is a virtualization-based technology that allows us to create, configure, and customize applications via an internet connection. The cloud technology includes a development platform, hard disk, software application, and database.

What is Cloud Computing

The term cloud refers to a network or the internet. It is a technology that uses remote servers on the internet to store, manage, and access data online rather than local drives. The data can be anything such as files, images, documents, audio, video, and more.

There are the following operations that we can do using cloud computing:

Developing new applications and services
Storage, back up, and recovery of data
Hosting blogs and websites
Delivery of software on demand
Analysis of data
Streaming videos and audios

Why Cloud Computing?

Small as well as large IT companies, follow the traditional methods to provide the IT infrastructure. That means for any IT company, we need a Server Room that is the basic need of IT companies.

In that server room, there should be a database server, mail server, networking, firewalls, routers, modem, switches, QPS (Query Per Second means how much queries or load will be handled by the server), configurable system, high net speed, and the maintenance engineers.

To establish such IT infrastructure, we need to spend lots of money. To overcome all these problems and to reduce the IT infrastructure cost, Cloud Computing comes into existence.

Characteristics of Cloud Computing

The characteristics of cloud computing are given below:

1) Agility

The cloud works in a distributed computing environment. It shares resources among users and works very fast.

2) High availability and reliability

The availability of servers is high and more reliable because the chances of infrastructure failure are minimum.

3) High Scalability

Cloud offers "on-demand" provisioning of resources on a large scale, without having engineers for peak loads.

4) Multi-Sharing

With the help of cloud computing, multiple users and applications can work more efficiently with cost reductions by sharing common infrastructure.

5) Device and Location Independence

Cloud computing enables the users to access systems using a web browser regardless of their location or what device they use e.g. PC, mobile phone, etc. As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a third-party) and accessed via the Internet, users can connect from anywhere.

6) Maintenance

Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier, since they do not need to be installed on each user's computer and can be accessed from different places. So, it reduces the cost also.

7) Low Cost

By using cloud computing, the cost will be reduced because to take the services of cloud computing, IT company need not to set its own infrastructure and pay-as-per usage of resources.

8) Services in the pay-per-use mode

Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) are provided to the users so that they can access services on the cloud by using these APIs and pay the charges as per the usage of services.

Prerequisite

Before learning cloud computing, you must have the basic knowledge of computer fundamentals. Form more knowedge you can take help by me ( 6205169069 ).

Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

Advantages of Cloud Computing

As we all know that Cloud computing is trending technology. Almost every company switched their services on the cloud to rise the company growth.

Here, we are going to discuss some important advantages of Cloud Computing-

1) Back-up and restore data

Once the data is stored in the cloud, it is easier to get back-up and restore that data using the cloud.

2) Improved collaboration

Cloud applications improve collaboration by allowing groups of people to quickly and easily share information in the cloud via shared storage.

3) Excellent accessibility

Cloud allows us to quickly and easily access store information anywhere, anytime in the whole world, using an internet connection. An internet cloud infrastructure increases organization productivity and efficiency by ensuring that our data is always accessible.

4) Low maintenance cost

Cloud computing reduces both hardware and software maintenance costs for organizations.

5) Mobility

Cloud computing allows us to easily access all cloud data via mobile.

6) IServices in the pay-per-use model

Cloud computing offers Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to the users for access services on the cloud and pays the charges as per the usage of service.

7) Unlimited storage capacity

Cloud offers us a huge amount of storing capacity for storing our important data such as documents, images, audio, video, etc. in one place.

8) Data security

Data security is one of the biggest advantages of cloud computing. Cloud offers many advanced features related to security and ensures that data is securely stored and handled.

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

A list of the disadvantage of cloud computing is given below -

1) Internet Connectivity

As you know, in cloud computing, every data (image, audio, video, etc.) is stored on the cloud, and we access these data through the cloud by using the internet connection. If you do not have good internet connectivity, you cannot access these data. However, we have no any other way to access data from the cloud.

2) Vendor lock-in

Vendor lock-in is the biggest disadvantage of cloud computing. Organizations may face problems when transferring their services from one vendor to another. As different vendors provide different platforms, that can cause difficulty moving from one cloud to another.

3) Limited Control

As we know, cloud infrastructure is completely owned, managed, and monitored by the service provider, so the cloud users have less control over the function and execution of services within a cloud infrastructure.

4) Security

Although cloud service providers implement the best security standards to store important information. But, before adopting cloud technology, you should be aware that you will be sending all your organization's sensitive information to a third party, i.e., a cloud computing service provider. While sending the data on the cloud, there may be a chance that your organization's information is hacked by Hackers.

History of Cloud Computing

Before emerging the cloud computing, there was Client/Server computing which is basically a centralized storage in which all the software applications, all the data and all the controls are resided on the server side.

If a single user wants to access specific data or run a program, he/she need to connect to the server and then gain appropriate access, and then he/she can do his/her business.

Then after, distributed computing came into picture, where all the computers are networked together and share their resources when needed.

On the basis of above computing, there was emerged of cloud computing concepts that later implemented.

At around in 1961, John MacCharty suggested in a speech at MIT that computing can be sold like a utility, just like a water or electricity. It was a brilliant idea, but like all brilliant ideas, it was ahead if its time, as for the next few decades, despite interest in the model, the technology simply was not ready for it.

But of course time has passed and the technology caught that idea and after few years we mentioned that:

In 1999, Salesforce.com started delivering of applications to users using a simple website. The applications were delivered to enterprises over the Internet, and this way the dream of computing sold as utility were true.

In 2002, Amazon started Amazon Web Services, providing services like storage, computation and even human intelligence. However, only starting with the launch of the Elastic Compute Cloud in 2006 a truly commercial service open to everybody existed.

In 2009, Google Apps also started to provide cloud computing enterprise applications.

Of course, all the big players are present in the cloud computing evolution, some were earlier, some were later. In 2009, Microsoft launched Windows Azure, and companies like Oracle and HP have all joined the game. This proves that today, cloud computing has become mainstream.

Cloud Computing Architecture

As we know, cloud computing technology is used by both small and large organizations to store the information in cloud and access it from anywhere at anytime using the internet connection.

Cloud computing architecture is a combination of service-oriented architecture and event-driven architecture.

Cloud computing architecture is divided into the following two parts -

Front End
Back End

The below diagram shows the architecture of cloud computing -

Front End

The front end is used by the client. It contains client-side interfaces and applications that are required to access the cloud computing platforms. The front end includes web servers (including Chrome, Firefox, internet explorer, etc.), thin & fat clients, tablets, and mobile devices.

Back End

The back end is used by the service provider. It manages all the resources that are required to provide cloud computing services. It includes a huge amount of data storage, security mechanism, virtual machines, deploying models, servers, traffic control mechanisms, etc.

Note: Both front end and back end are connected to others through a network, generally using the internet connection.

Components of Cloud Computing Architecture

There are the following components of cloud computing architecture -

1. Client Infrastructure

Client Infrastructure is a Front end component. It provides GUI (Graphical User Interface) to interact with the cloud.

2. Application

The application may be any software or platform that a client wants to access.

3. Service

A Cloud Services manages that which type of service you access according to the client’s requirement.

Cloud computing offers the following three type of services:

i. Software as a Service (SaaS) – It is also known as cloud application services. Mostly, SaaS applications run directly through the web browser means we do not require to download and install these applications. Some important example of SaaS is given below –

Example: Google Apps, Salesforce Dropbox, Slack, Hubspot, Cisco WebEx.

ii. Platform as a Service (PaaS) – It is also known as cloud platform services. It is quite similar to SaaS, but the difference is that PaaS provides a platform for software creation, but using SaaS, we can access software over the internet without the need of any platform.

Example: Windows Azure, Force.com, Magento Commerce Cloud, OpenShift.

iii. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – It is also known as cloud infrastructure services. It is responsible for managing applications data, middleware, and runtime environments.

Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2, Google Compute Engine (GCE), Cisco Metapod.

4. Runtime Cloud

Runtime Cloud provides the execution and runtime environment to the virtual machines.

5. Storage

Storage is one of the most important components of cloud computing. It provides a huge amount of storage capacity in the cloud to store and manage data.

6. Infrastructure

It provides services on the host level, application level, and network level. Cloud infrastructure includes hardware and software components such as servers, storage, network devices, virtualization software, and other storage resources that are needed to support the cloud computing model.

7. Management

Management is used to manage components such as application, service, runtime cloud, storage, infrastructure, and other security issues in the backend and establish coordination between them.

8. Security

Security is an in-built back end component of cloud computing. It implements a security mechanism in the back end.

9. Internet

The Internet is medium through which front end and back end can interact and communicate with each other.

Difference between Cloud Computing and Grid Computing

Cloud Computing

Cloud computing uses a client-server architecture to deliver computing resources such as servers, storage, databases, and software over the cloud (Internet) with pay-as-you-go pricing.

Cloud computing becomes a very popular option for organizations by providing various advantages, including cost-saving, increased productivity, efficiency, performance, data back-ups, disaster recovery, and security.

Grid Computing

Grid computing is also called as "distributed computing." It links multiple computing resources (PC's, workstations, servers, and storage elements) together and provides a mechanism to access them.

The main advantages of grid computing are that it increases user productivity by providing transparent access to resources, and work can be completed more quickly.

Let's understand the difference between cloud computing and grid computing.

Cloud Computing	Grid Computing
Cloud Computing follows client-server computing architecture.	Grid computing follows a distributed computing architecture.
Scalability is high.	Scalability is normal.
Cloud Computing is more flexible than grid computing.	Grid Computing is less flexible than cloud computing.
Cloud operates as a centralized management system.	Grid operates as a decentralized management system.
In cloud computing, cloud servers are owned by infrastructure providers.	In Grid computing, grids are owned and managed by the organization.
Cloud computing uses services like Iaas, PaaS, and SaaS.	Grid computing uses systems like distributed computing, distributed information, and distributed pervasive.
Cloud Computing is Service-oriented.	Grid Computing is Application-oriented.
It is accessible through standard web protocols.	It is accessible through grid middleware.

How does cloud computing work

Assume that you are an executive at a very big corporation. Your particular responsibilities include to make sure that all of your employees have the right hardware and software they need to do their jobs. To buy computers for everyone is not enough. You also have to purchase software as well as software licenses and then provide these softwares to your employees as they require. Whenever you hire a new employee, you need to buy more software or make sure your current software license allows another user. It is so stressful that you have to spend lots of money.

But, there may be an alternative for executives like you. So, instead of installing a suite of software for each computer, you just need to load one application. That application will allow the employees to log-in into a Web-based service which hosts all the programs for the user that is required for his/her job. Remote servers owned by another company and that will run everything from e-mail to word processing to complex data analysis programs. It is called cloud computing, and it could change the entire computer industry.

In a cloud computing system, there is a significant workload shift. Local computers have no longer to do all the heavy lifting when it comes to run applications. But cloud computing can handle that much heavy load easily and automatically. Hardware and software demands on the user's side decrease. The only thing the user's computer requires to be able to run is the cloud computing interface software of the system, which can be as simple as a Web browser and the cloud's network takes care of the rest.

Cloud Computing Applications

Cloud service providers provide various applications in the field of art, business, data storage and backup services, education, entertainment, management, social networking, etc.

The most widely used cloud computing applications are given below -

1. Art Applications

Cloud computing offers various art applications for quickly and easily design attractive cards, booklets, and images. Some most commonly used cloud art applications are given below:

i Moo

Moo is one of the best cloud art applications. It is used for designing and printing business cards, postcards, and mini cards.

ii. Vistaprint

Vistaprint allows us to easily design various printed marketing products such as business cards, Postcards, Booklets, and wedding invitations cards.

iii. Adobe Creative Cloud

Adobe creative cloud is made for designers, artists, filmmakers, and other creative professionals. It is a suite of apps which includes PhotoShop image editing programming, Illustrator, InDesign, TypeKit, Dreamweaver, XD, and Audition.

2. Business Applications

Business applications are based on cloud service providers. Today, every organization requires the cloud business application to grow their business. It also ensures that business applications are 24*7 available to users.

There are the following business applications of cloud computing -

i. MailChimp

MailChimp is an email publishing platform which provides various options to design, send, and save templates for emails.

iii. Salesforce

Salesforce platform provides tools for sales, service, marketing, e-commerce, and more. It also provides a cloud development platform.

iv. Chatter

Chatter helps us to share important information about the organization in real time.

v. Bitrix24

Bitrix24 is a collaboration platform which provides communication, management, and social collaboration tools.

vi. Paypal

Paypal offers the simplest and easiest online payment mode using a secure internet account. Paypal accepts the payment through debit cards, credit cards, and also from Paypal account holders.

vii. Slack

Slack stands for Searchable Log of all Conversation and Knowledge. It provides a user-friendly interface that helps us to create public and private channels for communication.

viii. Quickbooks

Quickbooks works on the terminology "Run Enterprise anytime, anywhere, on any device." It provides online accounting solutions for the business. It allows more than 20 users to work simultaneously on the same system.

3. Data Storage and Backup Applications

Cloud computing allows us to store information (data, files, images, audios, and videos) on the cloud and access this information using an internet connection. As the cloud provider is responsible for providing security, so they offer various backup recovery application for retrieving the lost data.

A list of data storage and backup applications in the cloud are given below -

i. Box.com

Box provides an online environment for secure content management, workflow, and collaboration. It allows us to store different files such as Excel, Word, PDF, and images on the cloud. The main advantage of using box is that it provides drag & drop service for files and easily integrates with Office 365, G Suite, Salesforce, and more than 1400 tools.

ii. Mozy

Mozy provides powerful online backup solutions for our personal and business data. It schedules automatically back up for each day at a specific time.

iii. Joukuu

Joukuu provides the simplest way to share and track cloud-based backup files. Many users use joukuu to search files, folders, and collaborate on documents.

iv. Google G Suite

Google G Suite is one of the best cloud storage and backup application. It includes Google Calendar, Docs, Forms, Google+, Hangouts, as well as cloud storage and tools for managing cloud apps. The most popular app in the Google G Suite is Gmail. Gmail offers free email services to users.

4. Education Applications

Cloud computing in the education sector becomes very popular. It offers various online distance learning platforms and student information portals to the students. The advantage of using cloud in the field of education is that it offers strong virtual classroom environments, Ease of accessibility, secure data storage, scalability, greater reach for the students, and minimal hardware requirements for the applications.

There are the following education applications offered by the cloud -

i. Google Apps for Education

Google Apps for Education is the most widely used platform for free web-based email, calendar, documents, and collaborative study.

ii. Chromebooks for Education

Chromebook for Education is one of the most important Google's projects. It is designed for the purpose that it enhances education innovation.

iii. Tablets with Google Play for Education

It allows educators to quickly implement the latest technology solutions into the classroom and make it available to their students.

iv. AWS in Education

AWS cloud provides an education-friendly environment to universities, community colleges, and schools.

5. Entertainment Applications

Entertainment industries use a multi-cloud strategy to interact with the target audience. Cloud computing offers various entertainment applications such as online games and video conferencing.

i. Online games

Today, cloud gaming becomes one of the most important entertainment media. It offers various online games that run remotely from the cloud. The best cloud gaming services are Shaow, GeForce Now, Vortex, Project xCloud, and PlayStation Now.

ii. Video Conferencing Apps

Video conferencing apps provides a simple and instant connected experience. It allows us to communicate with our business partners, friends, and relatives using a cloud-based video conferencing. The benefits of using video conferencing are that it reduces cost, increases efficiency, and removes interoperability.

6. Management Applications

Cloud computing offers various cloud management tools which help admins to manage all types of cloud activities, such as resource deployment, data integration, and disaster recovery. These management tools also provide administrative control over the platforms, applications, and infrastructure.

Some important management applications are -

i. Toggl

Toggl helps users to track allocated time period for a particular project.

ii. Evernote

Evernote allows you to sync and save your recorded notes, typed notes, and other notes in one convenient place. It is available for both free as well as a paid version.

It uses platforms like Windows, macOS, Android, iOS, Browser, and Unix.

iii. Outright

Outright is used by management users for the purpose of accounts. It helps to track income, expenses, profits, and losses in real-time environment.

iv. GoToMeeting

GoToMeeting provides Video Conferencing and online meeting apps, which allows you to start a meeting with your business partners from anytime, anywhere using mobile phones or tablets. Using GoToMeeting app, you can perform the tasks related to the management such as join meetings in seconds, view presentations on the shared screen, get alerts for upcoming meetings, etc.

7. Social Applications

Social cloud applications allow a large number of users to connect with each other using social networking applications such as Facebook, Twitter, Linkedln, etc.

There are the following cloud based social applications -

i. Facebook

Facebook is a social networking website which allows active users to share files, photos, videos, status, more to their friends, relatives, and business partners using the cloud storage system. On Facebook, we will always get notifications when our friends like and comment on the posts.

ii. Twitter

Twitter is a social networking site. It is a microblogging system. It allows users to follow high profile celebrities, friends, relatives, and receive news. It sends and receives short posts called tweets.

iii. Yammer

Yammer is the best team collaboration tool that allows a team of employees to chat, share images, documents, and videos.

iv. LinkedIn

LinkedIn is a social network for students, freshers, and professionals.

What are the Security Risks of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing provides various advantages, such as improved collaboration, excellent accessibility, Mobility, Storage capacity, etc. But there are also security risks in cloud computing.

Some most common Security Risks of Cloud Computing are given below-

Data Loss

Data loss is the most common cloud security risks of cloud computing. It is also known as data leakage. Data loss is the process in which data is being deleted, corrupted, and unreadable by a user, software, or application. In a cloud computing environment, data loss occurs when our sensitive data is somebody else's hands, one or more data elements can not be utilized by the data owner, hard disk is not working properly, and software is not updated.

Hacked Interfaces and Insecure APIs

As we all know, cloud computing is completely depends on Internet, so it is compulsory to protect interfaces and APIs that are used by external users. APIs are the easiest way to communicate with most of the cloud services. In cloud computing, few services are available in the public domain. These services can be accessed by third parties, so there may be a chance that these services easily harmed and hacked by hackers.Exception Handling

Data Breach

Data Breach is the process in which the confidential data is viewed, accessed, or stolen by the third party without any authorization, so organization's data is hacked by the hackers.

Vendor lock-in

Vendor lock-in is the of the biggest security risks in cloud computing. Organizations may face problems when transferring their services from one vendor to another. As different vendors provide different platforms, that can cause difficulty moving one cloud to another.

Increased complexity strains IT staff

Migrating, integrating, and operating the cloud services is complex for the IT staff. IT staff must require the extra capability and skills to manage, integrate, and maintain the data to the cloud.

Spectre & Meltdown

Spectre & Meltdown allows programs to view and steal data which is currently processed on computer. It can run on personal computers, mobile devices, and in the cloud. It can store the password, your personal information such as images, emails, and business documents in the memory of other running programs.

Denial of Service (DoS) attacks

Denial of service (DoS) attacks occur when the system receives too much traffic to buffer the server. Mostly, DoS attackers target web servers of large organizations such as banking sectors, media companies, and government organizations. To recover the lost data, DoS attackers charge a great deal of time and money to handle the data.

Account hijacking

Account hijacking is a serious security risk in cloud computing. It is the process in which individual user's or organization's cloud account (bank account, e-mail account, and social media account) is stolen by hackers. The hackers use the stolen account to perform unauthorized activities.

Types of Cloud

There are the following 4 types of cloud that you can deploy according to the organization's needs-

Public Cloud

Public cloud is open to all to store and access information via the Internet using the pay-per-usage method.

In public cloud, computing resources are managed and operated by the Cloud Service Provider (CSP).

Example: Amazon elastic compute cloud (EC2), IBM SmartCloud Enterprise, Microsoft, Google App Engine, Windows Azure Services Platform.

Advantages of Public Cloud

There are the following advantages of Public Cloud -

Public cloud is owned at a lower cost than the private and hybrid cloud.
Public cloud is maintained by the cloud service provider, so do not need to worry about the maintenance.
Public cloud is easier to integrate. Hence it offers a better flexibility approach to consumers.
Public cloud is location independent because its services are delivered through the internet.
Public cloud is highly scalable as per the requirement of computing resources.
It is accessible by the general public, so there is no limit to the number of users.

Disadvantages of Public Cloud

Public Cloud is less secure because resources are shared publicly.
Performance depends upon the high-speed internet network link to the cloud provider.
The Client has no control of data.

Private Cloud

Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud. It is used by organizations to build and manage their own data centers internally or by the third party. It can be deployed using Opensource tools such as Openstack and Eucalyptus.

Based on the location and management, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) divide private cloud into the following two parts-

On-premise private cloud
Outsourced private cloud

Advantages of Private Cloud

There are the following advantages of the Private Cloud -

Private cloud provides a high level of security and privacy to the users.
Private cloud offers better performance with improved speed and space capacity.
It allows the IT team to quickly allocate and deliver on-demand IT resources.
The organization has full control over the cloud because it is managed by the organization itself. So, there is no need for the organization to depends on anybody.
It is suitable for organizations that require a separate cloud for their personal use and data security is the first priority.

Disadvantages of Private Cloud

Skilled people are required to manage and operate cloud services.
Private cloud is accessible within the organization, so the area of operations is limited.
Private cloud is not suitable for organizations that have a high user base, and organizations that do not have the prebuilt infrastructure, sufficient manpower to maintain and manage the cloud.

Hybrid Cloud

Hybrid Cloud is a combination of the public cloud and the private cloud. we can say:

Hybrid Cloud = Public Cloud + Private Cloud

Hybrid cloud is partially secure because the services which are running on the public cloud can be accessed by anyone, while the services which are running on a private cloud can be accessed only by the organization's users.

Example: Google Application Suite (Gmail, Google Apps, and Google Drive), Office 365 (MS Office on the Web and One Drive), Amazon Web Services.

Advantages of Hybrid Cloud

There are the following advantages of Hybrid Cloud -

Hybrid cloud is suitable for organizations that require more security than the public cloud.
Hybrid cloud helps you to deliver new products and services more quickly.
Hybrid cloud provides an excellent way to reduce the risk.
Hybrid cloud offers flexible resources because of the public cloud and secure resources because of the private cloud.

Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud

In Hybrid Cloud, security feature is not as good as the private cloud.
Managing a hybrid cloud is complex because it is difficult to manage more than one type of deployment model.
In the hybrid cloud, the reliability of the services depends on cloud service providers.

Community Cloud

Community cloud allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of several organizations to share the information between the organization and a specific community. It is owned, managed, and operated by one or more organizations in the community, a third party, or a combination of them.

Example: Health Care community cloud

Advantages of Community Cloud

There are the following advantages of Community Cloud -

Community cloud is cost-effective because the whole cloud is being shared by several organizations or communities.
Community cloud is suitable for organizations that want to have a collaborative cloud with more security features than the public cloud.
It provides better security than the public cloud.
It provdes collaborative and distributive environment.
Community cloud allows us to share cloud resources, infrastructure, and other capabilities among various organizations.

Disadvantages of Community Cloud

Community cloud is not a good choice for every organization.
Security features are not as good as the private cloud.
It is not suitable if there is no collaboration.
The fixed amount of data storage and bandwidth is shared among all community members.

Difference between public cloud, private cloud, hybrid cloud, and community cloud -

The below table shows the difference between public cloud, private cloud, hybrid cloud, and community cloud.

Parameter	Public Cloud	Private Cloud	Hybrid Cloud	Community Cloud
Host	Service provider	Enterprise (Third party)	Enterprise (Third party)	Community (Third party)
Users	General public	Selected users	Selected users	Community members
Access	Internet	Internet, VPN	Internet, VPN	Internet, VPN
Owner	Service provider	Enterprise	Enterprise	Community

Cloud Service Models

There are the following three types of cloud service models -

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

IaaS is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). It is a computing infrastructure managed over the internet. The main advantage of using IaaS is that it helps users to avoid the cost and complexity of purchasing and managing the physical servers.

Characteristics of IaaS

There are the following characteristics of IaaS -

Resources are available as a service
Services are highly scalable
Dynamic and flexible
GUI and API-based access
Automated administrative tasks

Example: DigitalOcean, Linode, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google Compute Engine (GCE), Rackspace, and Cisco Metacloud.

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

PaaS cloud computing platform is created for the programmer to develop, test, run, and manage the applications.

Characteristics of PaaS

There are the following characteristics of PaaS -

Accessible to various users via the same development application.
Integrates with web services and databases.
Builds on virtualization technology, so resources can easily be scaled up or down as per the organization's need.
Support multiple languages and frameworks.
Provides an ability to "Auto-scale".

Example: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Windows Azure, Heroku, Force.com, Google App Engine, Apache Stratos, Magento Commerce Cloud, and OpenShift.

Software as a Service (SaaS)

SaaS is also known as "on-demand software". It is a software in which the applications are hosted by a cloud service provider. Users can access these applications with the help of internet connection and web browser.

Characteristics of SaaS

There are the following characteristics of SaaS -

Managed from a central location
Hosted on a remote server
Accessible over the internet
Users are not responsible for hardware and software updates. Updates are applied automatically.
The services are purchased on the pay-as-per-use basis

Example: BigCommerce, Google Apps, Salesforce, Dropbox, ZenDesk, Cisco WebEx, ZenDesk, Slack, and GoToMeeting.

Difference between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS

The below table shows the difference between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS -

IaaS	Paas	SaaS
It provides a virtual data center to store information and create platforms for app development, testing, and deployment.	It provides virtual platforms and tools to create, test, and deploy apps.	It provides web software and apps to complete business tasks.
It provides access to resources such as virtual machines, virtual storage, etc.	It provides runtime environments and deployment tools for applications.	It provides software as a service to the end-users.
It is used by network architects.	It is used by developers.	It is used by end users.
IaaS provides only Infrastructure.	PaaS provides Infrastructure+Platform.	SaaS provides Infrastructure+Platform +Software.

English to hindi description of Cloud Computing and IoT

Cloud Computing and IoT

Cloud computing and Internet of Thing(IoT) are rapidly replacing old forms of storage and communication systems to emerge as the most preferred means to collect and share data in a more responsive and smarter manner. In this chapter, you will learn about these two technologies in detail.

क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग और इंटरनेट ऑफ थिंग (IoT) तेजी से भंडारण(storage) और संचार प्रणालियों (communication system) के पुराने रूपों की जगह ले रहे हैं ताकि अधिक प्रतिक्रियाशील और स्मार्ट तरीके से डेटा एकत्र करने और साझा करने के सबसे पसंदीदा साधन के रूप में उभर सकें। इस अध्याय में आप इन दोनों तकनीकों के बारे में विस्तार से जानेंगे।

Introduction to cloud computing : क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग का परिचय:

The practice of delivering computer services, such as servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence over the Internet is called Cloud Computing.

इंटरनेट पर सर्वर, स्टोरेज, डेटाबेस, नेटवर्किंग, सॉफ्टवेयर, एनालिटिक्स और इंटेलिजेंस जैसी कंप्यूटर सेवाएं देने की प्रथा को क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग कहा जाता है।

In the previous class, you have learnt about Google Drive, which is one such cloud computing service available on the Internet.

पिछली कक्षा में, आपने Google ड्राइव के बारे में सीखा, जो कि इंटरनेट पर उपलब्ध ऐसी ही एक क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग सेवा है।

Cloud is increasingly being used to provide services over both public and private networks.

सार्वजनिक और निजी दोनों नेटवर्क पर सेवाएं प्रदान करने के लिए क्लाउड का तेजी से उपयोग किया जा रहा है।

The integration of set of hardware, networks, storage, interfaces, and services to deliver different aspects of computing as a service over a network is known as cloud.

एक नेटवर्क पर एक सेवा के रूप में कंप्यूटिंग के विभिन्न पहलुओं को वितरित करने के लिए हार्डवेयर, नेटवर्क, स्टोरेज, इंटरफेस और सेवाओं के सेट का एकीकरण क्लाउड के रूप में जाना जाता है।

The word ‘cloud’ here is used as a metaphor. Using traditional methods of sharing audio, videos, and photographs has become a passe with the advent of cloud.

यहाँ 'बादल' शब्द का प्रयोग रूपक के रूप में किया गया है। क्लाउड के आगमन के साथ ऑडियो, वीडियो और तस्वीरों को साझा करने के पारंपरिक तरीकों का उपयोग करना एक पुरानी बात हो गई है।

Cloud has made checking photographs, albums, and updated status instantly possible.

क्लाउड ने फ़ोटोग्राफ़, एल्बम और अद्यतन स्थिति(status instantly) की जाँच करना तुरंत संभव बना दिया है।

Once a data is uploaded on the cloud, it remains there forever even if you delete it from your device.

क्लाउड पर एक बार डेटा अपलोड हो जाने के बाद, यह हमेशा के लिए वहीं रहता है, भले ही आप इसे अपने डिवाइस से हटा दें।

Have you ever checked any account balance over the Internet?

क्या आपने कभी इंटरनेट पर किसी खाते का बैलेंस चेक किया है?

Here, you make use of cloud computing! Cloud computing is also used for taking backup, recovering data, streaming audio and videos, creating cloud native applications, testing and building applications, analysing data, embedding intelligence, and delivering software online.

यहाँ, आप क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग का उपयोग करते हैं! क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग का उपयोग बैकअप लेने, डेटा पुनर्प्राप्त करने, ऑडियो और वीडियो स्ट्रीमिंग, क्लाउड नेटिव एप्लिकेशन बनाने, परीक्षण और एप्लिकेशन बनाने, डेटा का विश्लेषण करने, इंटेलिजेंस एम्बेड करने और सॉफ़्टवेयर ऑनलाइन वितरित करने के लिए भी किया जाता है।

History of Cloud Computing

1960s – In the early 1960s, the concept of ‘Timesharing’ was introduced by computer scientist Join McCarthy. A mainframe could be simultaneously used by several systems due to this technology. This was not only the beginning of Internet, but also of cloud computing.

1960 - 1960 के दशक की शुरुआत में, कंप्यूटर वैज्ञानिक जॉइन मैकार्थी द्वारा 'टाइमशेयरिंग' की अवधारणा पेश की गई थी। इस तकनीक के कारण कई प्रणालियों द्वारा एक साथ एक मेनफ्रेम का उपयोग किया जा सकता है। यह न केवल इंटरनेट की शुरुआत थी, बल्कि क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग की भी शुरुआत थी।

1962-1964 – J.C.R. Licklider put forth the idea of Intergalactic Computer Network, with a vision to interconnect everyone on the globe and enable them to access data from anywhere, at any time.

1962-1964 - जे.सी.आर. लिक्लिडर ने इंटरगैलेक्टिक कंप्यूटर नेटवर्क के विचार को दुनिया में हर किसी को आपस में जोड़ने और उन्हें कहीं से भी, किसी भी समय डेटा तक पहुंचने में सक्षम बनाने के विचार के साथ रखा।

1970 – The Virtualisation software was introduced in this year. Hence, more than one operating system could be run simultaneously in an isolated environment.

1970 - इस साल वर्चुअलाइजेशन सॉफ्टवेयर पेश किया गया। इसलिए, एक अलग वातावरण में एक से अधिक ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम एक साथ चलाए जा सकते हैं।

1997- Dr. Ramanath Chellappa coined the first definition of cloud computing in Dallas. The definition stated that, “It is a computer paradigm, where the boundaries of computing will be determined by economic rationale, rather than technical limits alons.”

1997- डॉ. रामनाथ चेलप्पा ने डलास में क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग की पहली परिभाषा गढ़ी। परिभाषा में कहा गया है कि, "यह एक कंप्यूटर प्रतिमान है, जहां कंप्यूटिंग की सीमाएं केवल तकनीकी सीमाओं के बजाय आर्थिक तर्क द्वारा निर्धारित की जाएंगी।"

1999- Salesforce.com provided a means of delivering applications over the Internet for the mainstream software providers. For the first time, applications could be delivered via a simple website.

1999- Salesforce.com ने मुख्यधारा के सॉफ्टवेयर प्रदाताओं के लिए इंटरनेट पर एप्लिकेशन डिलीवर करने का एक साधन प्रदान किया। पहली बार, आवेदन एक साधारण वेबसाइट के माध्यम से वितरित किए जा सकते हैं।

2006- Amazon launched its Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), using which people could access a computer and run their applications on the cloud. They also launched the Simple Storage Service (S3), introducing the pay-as-you-go model that users and industries use even today.

2006- अमेज़ॅन ने अपना इलास्टिक कंप्यूट क्लाउड (ईसी 2) लॉन्च किया, जिसके उपयोग से लोग कंप्यूटर तक पहुंच सकते हैं और क्लाउड पर अपने एप्लिकेशन चला सकते हैं। उन्होंने सिंपल स्टोरेज सर्विस (S3) भी लॉन्च की, जिसमें पे-एज़-यू-गो मॉडल पेश किया गया, जिसका उपयोग उपयोगकर्ता और उद्योग आज भी करते हैं।

2013- The laaS (a type of cloud service) become the fastest growing market service.

2013 - लास (एक प्रकार की क्लाउड सेवा) सबसे तेजी से बढ़ती बाजार सेवा बन गई।

2014 – Amazon web services introduced serverless computing, which gave rise to cloud native computing.

2014 - अमेज़ॅन वेब सेवाओं ने सर्वर रहित कंप्यूटिंग की शुरुआत की, जिसने क्लाउड देशी कंप्यूटिंग को जन्म दिया ।

The cloud computing technology processed significantly in 2019. Today cloud native computing plays an essential role in Information Technology (IT) ecosystem. However, the cloud computing technology continues to evolve.

क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग तकनीक 2019 में महत्वपूर्ण रूप से संसाधित हुई। आज क्लाउड नेटिव कंप्यूटिंग सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी (आईटी) पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र में एक आवश्यक भूमिका निभाती है। हालाँकि, क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग तकनीक का विकास जारी है ।

Cloud Computing versus Traditional Web Hosting

Generally, all the website files are stored at a web hosting company.

आम तौर पर, सभी वेबसाइट फ़ाइलें एक वेब होस्टिंग कंपनी में संग्रहीत की जाती हैं।

Every website comprises of files that are stored on a server with a web host.

प्रत्येक वेबसाइट में ऐसी फाइलें होती हैं जो एक वेब होस्ट वाले सर्वर पर संग्रहीत होती हैं।

When the user makes a query with your domain name, the browser retrieves these files from the web host.

जब उपयोगकर्ता आपके डोमेन नाम के साथ कोई प्रश्न करता है, तो ब्राउज़र इन फ़ाइलों को वेब

होस्ट से पुनर्प्राप्त करता है ।

Traditional web hosting can be either dedicated or shared.

पारंपरिक वेब होस्टिंग या तो समर्पित या साझा की जा सकती है।

Dedicated web hosting is a web hosting environment in which the server is dedicated to a single business customer with dedicated resources.

समर्पित वेब होस्टिंग एक वेब होस्टिंग वातावरण है जिसमें सर्वर समर्पित संसाधनों के साथ एकल व्यवसाय ग्राहक को समर्पित होता है।

Most of the small and medium sized business have shared hosting.

अधिकांश छोटे और मध्यम आकार के व्यवसायों ने होस्टिंग साझा की है।

They pay for limited storage space on one server and share the resources of the server with other websites.

वे एक सर्वर पर सीमित भंडारण स्थान के लिए भुगतान करते हैं और सर्वर के संसाधनों को अन्य वेबसाइटों के साथ साझा करते हैं।

The hosting company manages, maintains, and updates the units.

होस्टिंग कंपनी इकाइयों का प्रबंधन, रखरखाव और अद्यतन करती है।

Thus, shared hosting is a cost-efficient and low-maintenance service.

इस प्रकार, साझा होस्टिंग एक लागत प्रभावी और कम रखरखाव वाली सेवा है।

There are a few drawbacks of traditional hosting, especially in shared hosting.

पारंपरिक होस्टिंग की कुछ कमियां हैं, खासकर साझा होस्टिंग में।

Increase in traffic of other websites on the server can slow down your website.

सर्वर पर अन्य वेबसाइटों के ट्रैफ़िक में वृद्धि आपकी वेबसाइट को धीमा कर सकती है।

On the other hand, if the traffic to your website is increasing, it may be limited by the amount of storage space you own on the server.

दूसरी ओर, यदि आपकी वेबसाइट पर ट्रैफ़िक बढ़ रहा है, तो यह सर्वर पर आपके स्वामित्व वाले संग्रहण स्थान की मात्रा से सीमित हो सकता है।

In case the other sites on the server face security or other performance related issues, it may bring down your site also.

यदि सर्वर पर अन्य साइटों को सुरक्षा या अन्य प्रदर्शन संबंधी समस्याओं का सामना करना पड़ता है, तो यह आपकी साइट को भी नीचे ला सकता है।

If the server itself undergoes failure, all the sites on it are affected.

यदि सर्वर स्वयं विफल हो जाता है, तो उस पर सभी साइटें प्रभावित होती हैं।

On the other hand, cloud hosting provides Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Where the host maintains the necessary hardware.

दूसरी ओर, क्लाउड होस्टिंग एक सेवा (IaaS) के रूप में इन्फ्रास्ट्रक्चर प्रदान करता है, जहाँ होस्ट आवश्यक हार्डवेयर का रखरखाव करता है।

The user (client) does not need to invest in the in-house a server hardware.

उपयोगकर्ता (क्लाइंट) को इन-हाउस सर्वर हार्डवेयर में निवेश करने की आवश्यकता नहीं है।

They only have to pay for the services they use.

उन्हें केवल उन सेवाओं के लिए भुगतान करना होगा जो वे उपयोग करते हैं।

Cloud hosting services offer a scalability that traditional web hosting cannot provide.

क्लाउड होस्टिंग सेवाएं एक मापनीयता प्रदान करती हैं जो पारंपरिक वेब होस्टिंग प्रदान नहीं कर सकती हैं।

Virtual space is provided to the user on-demand and the user pays accordingly.

उपयोगकर्ता को ऑन-डिमांड वर्चुअल स्पेस प्रदान किया जाता है और उपयोगकर्ता उसी के अनुसार भुगतान करता है।

Note: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is one of the types of cloud services.

नोट: एक सेवा के रूप में अवसंरचना (IaaS) क्लाउड सेवाओं के प्रकारों में से एक है।

Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT)

Internet of Things consists of objects embedded with sensors and connected by wireless or wired networks that can communicate with each other.

इंटरनेट ऑफ थिंग्स में सेंसर के साथ एम्बेडेड और वायरलेस या वायर्ड नेटवर्क से जुड़े ऑब्जेक्ट होते हैं जो एक दूसरे के साथ संचार कर सकते हैं।

It refers to the linking of physical devices to the Internet and to each other, so that they can collect and exchange data.

यह भौतिक उपकरणों को इंटरनेट और एक दूसरे से जोड़ने को संदर्भित (refer)करता है, ताकि वे डेटा एकत्र (collect)और विनिमय(exchange) कर सकें।

For Example, a toothbrush can collect data about how you brush your teeth, and deliver personalized coaching about your teeth, and the deliver personalized coaching about your dental hygiene to your mobile phone.

उदाहरण के लिए, एक टूथब्रश इस बारे में डेटा एकत्र कर सकता है कि आप अपने दांतों को कैसे ब्रश करते हैं, और अपने दांतों के बारे में व्यक्तिगत कोचिंग प्रदान करते हैं, और आपके मोबाइल फोन पर आपके दंत स्वच्छता के बारे में व्यक्तिगत कोचिंग प्रदान करते हैं।

IoT was invented in 1999, but the growth accelerated only in the year 2011, and become available to masses as late as 2014.

IoT का आविष्कार 1999 में हुआ था, लेकिन विकास केवल वर्ष 2011 में तेज हुआ, और 2014 के अंत तक जनता के लिए उपलब्ध हो गया।

The widespread use of digital assistants, such as Google Assistant, Amazon Alexa, and Apple Siri are examples of how IoT is gaining vast acceptance across the world.

Google सहायक, Amazon Alexa, और Apple Siri जैसे डिजिटल सहायकों का व्यापक उपयोग इस बात के उदाहरण हैं कि कैसे IoT दुनिया भर में व्यापक स्वीकृति प्राप्त कर रहा है।

These devices can communicate with other devices to play moves and music, and control lighting.

ये उपकरण move और संगीत चलाने के लिए अन्य उपकरणों के साथ संचार कर सकते हैं, और प्रकाश व्यवस्था को नियंत्रित कर सकते हैं।

Key Feature of IoT

The salient features of IoT are as followings:

ü Intelligence – It is a combination of algorithms and computation that makes it intelligent. For example, the Misfit Shine is a fitness tracker that distributes the computation between a smartphone and the cloud.

यह एल्गोरिदम और गणना का एक संयोजन है जो इसे बुद्धिमान बनाता है। उदाहरण के लिए, मिसफिट शाइन एक फिटनेस ट्रैकर है जो स्मार्टफोन और क्लाउड के बीच गणना वितरित करता है।

ü Expressing – Expressing will enable us to create intelligent IoT devices that can interact efficiently with the real world.

व्यक्त करने से हम ऐसे बुद्धिमान IoT उपकरण बना सकेंगे जो वास्तविक दुनिया के साथ कुशलता से बातचीत कर सकते हैं।

ü Connectivity – The connectivity of IoT is much better than using a Wi-Fi network. It enables compatibility and network accessibility.

IoT की कनेक्टिविटी वाई-फाई नेटवर्क के इस्तेमाल से काफी बेहतर है। यह संगतता (compatibility)और नेटवर्क पहुंच को सक्षम बनाता है।

ü Sensing – Sensing technologies help you to create experiences close to real-life. Analog input from the surrounding can help you understand them better.

सेंसिंग प्रौद्योगिकियां आपको वास्तविक जीवन के करीब अनुभव बनाने में मदद करती हैं। आसपास से एनालॉग इनपुट आपको उन्हें बेहतर ढंग से समझने में मदद कर सकता है।

ü Energy – As IoT consumes a lot of energy, it is important to generate adequate amount of energy to suffice the energy needs of all the IoT devices in use. This puts limitations on the widespread use of IoT.

चूंकि IoT बहुत अधिक ऊर्जा की खपत करता है, इसलिए उपयोग में आने वाले सभी IoT उपकरणों की ऊर्जा आवश्यकताओं को पूरा करने के लिए पर्याप्त मात्रा में ऊर्जा उत्पन्न करना महत्वपूर्ण है। यह IoT के व्यापक उपयोग पर सीमाएं लगाता है।

ü Safety- While creating and using IoT, you must take care of the safety of your data your physical well-being.

IoT बनाते और उपयोग करते समय, आपको अपने डेटा की सुरक्षा का ध्यान रखना चाहिए, आपकी शारीरिक भलाई।

How Internet of Things ( IoT) works?

The IoT system integrates four major components- sensors/ devices, connectivity, data processing, and a user interface.

IoT सिस्टम चार प्रमुख घटकों- सेंसर / डिवाइस, कनेक्टिविटी, डेटा प्रोसेसिंग और एक यूजर इंटरफेस को एकीकृत करता है।

An IoT system consists of devices fitted with sensors.

IoT सिस्टम में सेंसर लगे डिवाइस होते हैं।

These sensors are connected to the cloud.

ये सेंसर क्लाउड से जुड़े होते हैं।

They communicate and exchange information with the cloud.

वे क्लाउड के साथ संचार और सूचनाओं का आदान-प्रदान करते हैं।

Once in the cloud, the date is processed by the software, an alert signal may be sent to the senor, or the device may get automatically adjusted due to the signal received by the sensor.

एक बार क्लाउड में, तिथि (date) को सॉफ़्टवेयर द्वारा संसाधित(processe) किया जाता है, एक चेतावनी संकेत सीनेटर(senor) को भेजा जा सकता है, या सेंसर द्वारा प्राप्त सिग्नल के कारण डिवाइस स्वचालित रूप से समायोजित(automatically adjusted) हो सकता है।

This does not require any input by the user.

इसके लिए उपयोगकर्ता द्वारा किसी इनपुट की आवश्यकता नहीं होती है।

The user can keep a track of the system by means of a user interface.

उपयोगकर्ता उपयोगकर्ता इंटरफ़ेस के माध्यम से सिस्टम का ट्रैक रख सकता है।

Actions of the user are sent from the user interface to the cloud, processed in the cloud by means of a software, and sent back to the sensor of the device. Thus, user inputs follow the opposite direction.

उपयोगकर्ता के कार्यों को उपयोगकर्ता इंटरफ़ेस से क्लाउड पर भेजा जाता है, एक सॉफ़्टवेयर के माध्यम से क्लाउड में संसाधित किया जाता है, और डिवाइस के सेंसर को वापस भेज दिया जाता है। इस प्रकार, उपयोगकर्ता इनपुट विपरीत दिशा का अनुसरण करते हैं।

Advantage of IoT

The internet of Things which is being indicated as the next industrial revolution is all set to make radical changes on the planet.

इंटरनेट ऑफ थिंग्स जिसे अगली औद्योगिक क्रांति के रूप में इंगित किया जा रहा है, ग्रह पर आमूल-चूल परिवर्तन करने के लिए तैयार है।

Some advantages of IoT are as follows:

ü Encourages Communication: - IoT facilitates communication between devices and as a result, the physical devices are able to stay connected. This paves way for greater transparency.

संचार को प्रोत्साहित करता है: - IoT उपकरणों के बीच संचार की सुविधा प्रदान करता है और इसके परिणामस्वरूप, भौतिक उपकरण जुड़े रहने में सक्षम होते हैं। यह अधिक पारदर्शिता का मार्ग प्रशस्त करता है।

ü Storehouse of information:- It provides access to more information, and thus helps the user to make more informed decisions. It not only provides information about the mundane chores, but also about widgets and supplies to a company. It does not require input from the user.

सूचना का भंडार: - यह अधिक जानकारी तक पहुँच प्रदान करता है, और इस प्रकार उपयोगकर्ता को अधिक सूचित निर्णय लेने में मदद करता है। यह न केवल सांसारिक कार्यों के बारे में जानकारी प्रदान करता है, बल्कि किसी कंपनी को विजेट और आपूर्ति के बारे में भी जानकारी प्रदान करता है। इसे उपयोगकर्ता से इनपुट की आवश्यकता नहीं है।

ü Saves Time:- A lot of time required for making trips for monitoring the data is saved due to IoT.

समय बचाता है: - डेटा की निगरानी के लिए ट्रिप करने के लिए आवश्यक बहुत समय IoT के कारण बच जाता है।

ü Saves Money:- In future, companies could benefit from IoT by replacing employees in charge of monitoring, and maintaining supplies with IoT devices, thus cutting costs.

पैसे की बचत: - भविष्य में, निगरानी के प्रभारी कर्मचारियों को बदलकर, और IoT उपकरणों के साथ आपूर्ति बनाए रखने से कंपनियां IoT से लाभान्वित हो सकती हैं, जिससे लागत में कटौती हो सकती है।

ü Tracking:- Technology can keep track of availability and viability of things. For example, expiry dates of packed food items stored at home.

ट्रैकिंग:- टेक्नोलॉजी चीजों की उपलब्धता और व्यवहार्यता का ट्रैक रख सकती है। उदाहरण के लिए, घर में रखे डिब्बाबंद खाद्य पदार्थों की एक्सपायरी डेट।

ü Better Quality of Life:- The wide range of applications offered by this technology promise better quality of life, convenience, and comfort.

जीवन की बेहतर गुणवत्ता: - इस तकनीक द्वारा पेश किए जाने वाले अनुप्रयोगों की विस्तृत श्रृंखला जीवन की बेहतर गुणवत्ता, सुविधा और आराम का वादा करती है।

Disadvantages of IoT:

IoT has its own perils.

IoT के अपने खतरे हैं।

Some of the disadvantages of IoT are as follows:

ü Compatibility Issues:- IoT is tagging our everyday objects with machine-readable identification tags. Standards for tagging and monitoring with sensors is not available as of today.

संगतता मुद्दे: - IoT मशीन-पठनीय पहचान टैग के साथ हमारी रोजमर्रा की वस्तुओं को टैग कर रहा है। सेंसर के साथ टैगिंग और निगरानी के मानक आज तक उपलब्ध नहीं हैं।

ü Breach of Privacy :- Privacy is an utmost concern while using IoT. There is a huge risk of your personal data being compromised. Hence, encryption is a must.

गोपनीयता भंग :- IoT का उपयोग करते समय गोपनीयता एक अत्यंत चिंता का विषय है। आपके व्यक्तिगत डेटा से समझौता होने का एक बड़ा जोखिम है। इसलिए, एन्क्रिप्शन एक जरूरी है।

ü Complexity:- With complex systems in place, there is a considerable chance of encountering failures. For example, such a system may unnecessarily produce the same result multiple times.

जटिलता: - जटिल प्रणालियों के साथ, विफलताओं का सामना करने की काफी संभावना है। उदाहरण के लिए, ऐसी प्रणाली अनावश्यक रूप से एक ही परिणाम को कई बार उत्पन्न कर सकती है।

ü Safety Concerns:- There is a possibility of the software being hacked, thus increasing the risk of personal information being compromised. For example, your bank account details may be misused.

सुरक्षा संबंधी चिंताएँ:- सॉफ़्टवेयर के हैक होने की संभावना है, इस प्रकार व्यक्तिगत जानकारी से छेड़छाड़ का जोखिम बढ़ जाता है। उदाहरण के लिए, आपके बैंक खाते के विवरण का दुरुपयोग किया जा सकता है।

Applications of IoT :

Some of the most popular applications of IoT are as follows:

v Smart Homes: Smart homes are all set to become as common as smartphones.

स्मार्ट होम: स्मार्ट होम स्मार्टफोन की तरह सामान्य होने के लिए तैयार हैं।

Many appliances in smart homes are connected to inbuilt sensors.

स्मार्ट घरों में कई उपकरण इनबिल्ट सेंसर से जुड़े होते हैं।

The appliances, such as lighting and electronic devices can be controlled remotely by the owner via a mobile app (Fig. 9.4).

प्रकाश और इलेक्ट्रॉनिक उपकरणों जैसे उपकरणों को मालिक द्वारा मोबाइल ऐप के माध्यम से दूर से नियंत्रित किया जा सकता है (चित्र 9.4)।

For example, the central heating system of a smart house switches ON automatically after detecting a dip in the temperature.

उदाहरण के लिए, एक स्मार्ट हाउस का केंद्रीय हीटिंग सिस्टम तापमान में गिरावट का पता लगाने के बाद अपने आप चालू हो जाता है।

v Wearables: IoT devices are all set to become an integral part of our daily lives.

वियरेबल्स: IoT डिवाइस हमारे दैनिक जीवन का एक अभिन्न अंग बनने के लिए पूरी तरह तैयार हैं।

Smart watches and fitness trackers (Fig. 9.5) are some notable examples of wearable IoT devices.

स्मार्ट घड़ियाँ और फिटनेस ट्रैकर (चित्र 9.5) पहनने योग्य IoT उपकरणों के कुछ उल्लेखनीय उदाहरण हैं।

These devices are installed with sensors and software which collect data and information about the user.

ये उपकरण सेंसर और सॉफ्टवेयर के साथ स्थापित होते हैं जो उपयोगकर्ता के बारे में डेटा और जानकारी एकत्र करते हैं।

This data is later used to extract information about the suer’s fitness and lifestyle.

बाद में इस डेटा का उपयोग सुअर की फिटनेस और जीवन शैली के बारे में जानकारी निकालने के लिए किया जाता है।

v Smart Cities: Another application of IoT which was like a dream till now is smart cities.

स्मार्ट सिटीज: IoT का एक और एप्लिकेशन जो अब तक एक सपने जैसा था, वह है स्मार्ट सिटी।

A smart city predominantly relies upon information and Communication Technology to develop, deploy, and promote sustainable development practices.

एक स्मार्ट शहर मुख्य रूप से सतत विकास प्रथाओं को विकसित करने, तैनात करने और बढ़ावा देने के लिए सूचना और संचार प्रौद्योगिकी पर निर्भर करता है।

Some key features that management systems, and environmental monitoring.

कुछ प्रमुख विशेषताएं जो प्रबंधन प्रणाली, और पर्यावरण निगरानी।

v Connected Cars: Automobiles that connect the devices to other devices within the car or with devices/networks outside the vehicle to optimize their operations, maintenance, and provide comfort to the user using onboard sensors, cameras, radar, artificial intelligence, and Internet connectivity are known as connected cars.

कनेक्टेड कारें: ऑटोमोबाइल जो कार के भीतर या वाहन के बाहर डिवाइस/नेटवर्क के साथ डिवाइस को कनेक्ट करते हैं ताकि उनके संचालन, रखरखाव को अनुकूलित किया जा सके और ऑनबोर्ड सेंसर, कैमरे, रडार, कृत्रिम बुद्धि और इंटरनेट कनेक्टिविटी का उपयोग कर उपयोगकर्ता को आराम प्रदान किया जा सके। कनेक्टेड कारों के रूप में जाना जाता है।

Smart Grids, industrial Internet, connected health, smart retail, smart farming, and smart supply chain are some other applications of IoT.

स्मार्ट ग्रिड, औद्योगिक इंटरनेट, कनेक्टेड हेल्थ, स्मार्ट रिटेल, स्मार्ट फार्मिंग और स्मार्ट सप्लाई चेन IoT के कुछ अन्य अनुप्रयोग हैं।

CASE STUDY ON CLOUD COMPUTING:

Irctc online tatkal ticket booking at peak hours in India :-

भारत में पीक आवर्स में आईआरसीटीसी ऑनलाइन तत्काल टिकट बुकिंग :-

For this service provided by the Indian Railways, ticket booking at peak hours is ten times more than the rest of the day.

भारतीय रेलवे द्वारा प्रदान की जाने वाली इस सेवा के लिए पीक आवर्स में टिकट बुकिंग बाकी दिन के मुकाबले दस गुना ज्यादा होती है।

The IRCTC website records more than 49 transactions per second, compared to Google which records 63,000 searches per second.

आईआरसीटीसी वेबसाइट Google की तुलना में प्रति सेकंड 49 से अधिक लेनदेन रिकॉर्ड करती है, जो प्रति सेकंड 63,000 खोजों को रिकॉर्ड करती है।

However, IRCTC has a locking mechanism.

हालांकि, आईआरसीटीसी के पास लॉकिंग मैकेनिज्म है।

This means one seat cannot be allotted to more than one person, as against Google, which allows multiple users at a time.

इसका अर्थ है कि एक सीट एक से अधिक व्यक्तियों को आवंटित नहीं की जा सकती है, जैसा कि Google के विरुद्ध है, जो एक समय में कई उपयोगकर्ताओं को अनुमति देता है।

IRCTC provided a temporary solution by not allowing agent login at peak hours.

आईआरसीटीसी ने व्यस्त समय में एजेंट को लॉगिन करने की अनुमति न देकर एक अस्थायी समाधान प्रदान किया।

An alternative solution was to add more than thousand servers, which was not cost-effective.

एक वैकल्पिक समाधान हजार से अधिक सर्वरों को जोड़ना था, जो कि लागत प्रभावी नहीं था।

Hence, it was necessary to use cloud computing, which cloud manage fluctuations in website traffic.

इसलिए, क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग का उपयोग करना आवश्यक था, जो क्लाउड वेबसाइट ट्रैफ़िक में उतार-चढ़ाव का प्रबंधन करता है।

Providing Aadhar card to every Indian citizen :-

प्रत्येक भारतीय नागरिक को आधार कार्ड उपलब्ध कराना :-

About 80 percent of Indians are bank account holders.

लगभग 80 प्रतिशत भारतीय बैंक खाताधारक हैं।

But a large number of them do not have identity proofs.

लेकिन उनमें से बड़ी संख्या में पहचान प्रमाण नहीं हैं।

An extensive project to provide Aadhaar cards to over 1.2 billion people was initiated by the Government of India.

भारत सरकार द्वारा 1.2 बिलियन से अधिक लोगों को आधार कार्ड प्रदान करने की एक व्यापक परियोजना शुरू की गई थी।

This project was aimed at encouraging rural Indians to open bank accounts and use credit/debit cards.

इस परियोजना का उद्देश्य ग्रामीण भारतीयों को बैंक खाते खोलने और क्रेडिट/डेबिट कार्ड का उपयोग करने के लिए प्रोत्साहित करना था।

To manage such a large project, cloud computing was required.

इतने बड़े प्रोजेक्ट को मैनेज करने के लिए क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग की जरूरत थी।

CASE STUDY ON IoT :

Valencia: Curbing water scarcity :

वालेंसिया : पानी की कमी पर अंकुश :

The Spanish city of Valencia and the surrounding areas used to face water scarcity.

स्पेन का शहर वेलेंसिया और उसके आसपास के इलाके पानी की कमी का सामना करते थे।

Aguas de Valencia, a company founded in 1890, managed all aspects of collection, treatment, and distribution of water in this area.

1890 में स्थापित कंपनी अगुआस डी वालेंसिया ने इस क्षेत्र में पानी के संग्रह, उपचार और वितरण के सभी पहलुओं का प्रबंधन किया।

The company has been acclaimed as an innovative water company. The use of NB-IoT technology has improved water management.

कंपनी को एक अभिनव जल कंपनी के रूप में प्रशंसित किया गया है। NB-IoT तकनीक के उपयोग से जल प्रबंधन में सुधार हुआ है।

AirQ: Air quality internet of things :

एयरक्यू: एयर क्वालिटी इंटरनेट ऑफ थिंग्स:

AirQ, a SmartSense product and an advanced air quality sensor is used in Croatia.

AirQ, एक SmartSense उत्पाद और एक उन्नत वायु गुणवत्ता सेंसर क्रोएशिया में उपयोग किया जाता है।

It measures a range of pollutants and maintains a data related to gaseous emissions and particulate matter.

यह प्रदूषकों की एक श्रृंखला को मापता है और गैसीय उत्सर्जन और पार्टिकुलेट मैटर से संबंधित डेटा रखता है।

Collection of accurate and reliable data by this sensor is very important to provide up to date information to users.

उपयोगकर्ताओं को अद्यतन(important) जानकारी प्रदान करने के लिए इस सेंसर द्वारा सटीक और विश्वसनीय डेटा का संग्रह बहुत महत्वपूर्ण है।

Hubraum is a new NB-IoT connected version of the AirQ sensor. It is in the early incubation stage.

हुब्रम एयरक्यू सेंसर का एक नया एनबी-आईओटी कनेक्टेड संस्करण है। यह प्रारंभिक ऊष्मायन चरण में है।

FUTURE OF CLOUD COMPUTING AND IoT :

Thought cloud Computing and IoT are the technologies that function in different ways, both of them are symbiotic and mutually inseparable.

थॉट क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग और IoT ऐसी प्रौद्योगिकियां हैं जो विभिन्न तरीकों से कार्य करती हैं, ये दोनों सहजीवी और परस्पर अविभाज्य हैं।

Most of the data collected through IoT is processed in the cloud. Hence, these two have become the most closely associated Internet technologies of the future.

IoT के माध्यम से एकत्र किए गए अधिकांश डेटा को क्लाउड में संसाधित किया जाता है। इसलिए, ये दोनों भविष्य की सबसे निकट से जुड़ी इंटरनेट तकनीक बन गए हैं।

Convergence of these two technologies in the future can have the following advantages:

भविष्य में इन दो प्रौद्योगिकियों के अभिसरण के निम्नलिखित लाभ हो सकते हैं:

v Providing infrastructure to third party to help IoT data working over IoT devices.

IoT उपकरणों पर काम करने वाले IoT डेटा की सहायता के लिए तृतीय पक्ष को बुनियादी ढांचा प्रदान करना।

v Developing pay-as-you-go cloud computing method.

पे-एज़-यू-गो क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग पद्धति का विकास करना।

v Providing connectivity required to share information between IoT devices and derive meaning quickly.

IoT उपकरणों के बीच जानकारी साझा करने और अर्थ प्राप्त करने के लिए आवश्यक कनेक्टिविटी प्रदान करना।

Chapter: 9 Cloud Computing and IoT

A. Tick the correct answers.

1. Which introduced the concept of Timesharing in the early 1960s?

a. John McCarthy b. J.C.R Licklider c. Dr. Ramanath Chellappa

Answer: a. John McCarthy

2. In dedicated hosting, all the resources on building functionality of

a. Two users. b. one user. c. many users.

Answer: b. one user.

3. Serverless computing focuses on building functionality of

a. Server. b. apps. c. cloud.

Answer : c. cloud.

4. IoT stands for

a. Internet of Technology.

b. Internet of Things.

c. Internet of Thinking

Answer: b. Internet of Things.

5. This cloud computing service provides environment for developing, managing, delivering, and testing software.

a. LaaS b. LaaS c. PaaS

Answer: c. PaaS

B. Fill in the blanks.

1. Dr. Ramanath Chellappa gave the first definition of cloud computing at Dallas in 1997.

2. In case of compromise of security, sensitive information about the cloud user might fall into the hands of the cloud hackers.

3. Expressing is a key characteristic of IoT that is used to create devices that interact with real- world.

4. IoT generates a lot of sensors which helps AI and ML to make right decisions.

5. Public Cloud clouds are owned and operated by third party service providers.

C. Write T for True and F for False.

1. The Elastic Compute Cloud was launched by Amazon in 2006. Answer: T

2. A company using cloud services does not have to depend on its network connection. Answer: F

3. Developers can build mobile apps quickly due to cloud computing. Answer: T

4. IoT can be used to manage the household by tracking consumption of electricity, water, and so on. Answer: T

5. Public cloud computing resources are used by a single user/client/business exclusively. Answer: T

D. Answer the following questions.

1. What is the difference between LaaS, PaaS, FaaS, and SaaS?

Ans :

Answer1

IaaS	Paas	SaaS
It provides a virtual data center to store information and create platforms for app development, testing, and deployment.	It provides virtual platforms and tools to create, test, and deploy apps.	It provides web software and apps to complete business tasks.
It provides access to resources such as virtual machines, virtual storage, etc.	It provides runtime environments and deployment tools for applications.	It provides software as a service to the end-users.
It is used by network architects.	It is used by developers.	It is used by end users.
IaaS provides only Infrastructure.	PaaS provides Infrastructure+Platform.	SaaS provides Infrastructure+Platform +Software.

Answer :- 2

IaaS is ideal if you want the benefits of the cloud (e.g. scalability, cost model, disaster recovery) while maintaining a large degree of control.
CaaS is good for IaaS situations where developers want to enjoy the convenience of container orchestration as well.
PaaS is the best choice if you don’t want to deal with the complexity and nuance of setting up servers, networks, and databases, but you do have the time, budget, and resources to build your own software applications, including a skilled team of developers.
FaaS is a good fit for very high-volume transactions, especially software with spikes in workload that need to be rapidly scaled, as well as applications that are run on a dynamic basis or regularly scheduled.

2. What are the key features of IoT?